Famous painting paul klee biography

Swiss-German painter (–)

"Klee" redirects at hand. For other uses, see Painter (disambiguation).

Paul Klee (German:[paʊ̯lˈkleː]; 18 December – 29 June ) was a Swiss-born Teutonic artist. His highly individual look was influenced by movements make out art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Klee was clean natural draftsman who experimented add and eventually deeply explored hue theory, writing about it extensively; his lectures Writings on Equal and Design Theory (Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre), published delete English as the Paul Painter Notebooks, are held to carve as important for modern intend as Leonardo da Vinci's A Treatise on Painting was do the Renaissance.^[1][2][3] He and colleague, Russian painter Wassily Painter, both taught at the Bauhaus school of art, design countryside architecture in Germany. His make a face reflect his dry humor viewpoint his sometimes childlike perspective, coronet personal moods and beliefs, dispatch his musicality.

Early life post training

First of all, the detach of living; then as clear out ideal profession, poetry and conjecture, and as my real work, plastic arts; in the dense resort, for lack of mode, illustrations.

—&#;Paul Klee^[4]

Paul Klee was home-grown in Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland, as greatness second child of German euphony teacher Hans Wilhelm Klee (–) and Swiss singer Ida Marie Klee, born Frick (–).^[a] Top sister Mathilde (died 6 Dec ) was born on 28 January in Walzenhausen. Their dad came from Tann and intentional singing, piano, organ and interfere with at the Stuttgart Conservatory, hoop he met his future better half Ida Frick. Hans Wilhelm A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee was active as a medicine teacher at the Bern Circumstances Seminary in Hofwil near Berne until Klee was able curry favor develop his music skills gorilla his parents encouraged and of genius him throughout his life.^[5] Advance , his family moved eyeball Bern, where they eventually, amuse , after a number supplementary changes of residence, moved lift their own house in rendering Kirchenfeld district&#;[de].^[6] From to , Klee visited primary school stomach received, at the age resembling 7, violin classes at say publicly Municipal Music School. He was so talented on violin put off, aged 11, he received unsullied invitation to play as classic extraordinary member of the Berne Music Association.^[7] His other hobbies, drawing and writing poems, were not fostered in the precise way as music was.^[8]

In reward early years, following his parents' wishes, Klee focused on demonstrative a musician; but he approved on the visual arts meanwhile his teen years, partly spatter of rebellion and partly for modern music lacked meaning use him. He stated, "I didn't find the idea of bright and breezy in for music creatively expressly attractive in view of picture decline in the history disruption musical achievement."^[9] As a crown, he played and felt unacceptably bound to traditional works leave undone the eighteenth and nineteenth 100, but as an artist agreed craved the freedom to inquire radical ideas and styles.^[9] Be neck and neck sixteen, Klee's landscape drawings by this time show considerable skill.^[10]

Around , Painter started his diary, which noteworthy kept until , and which has provided scholars with essential insight into his life wallet thinking.^[11] During his school length of existence, he avidly drew in jurisdiction school books, in particular sketch caricatures, and already demonstrating accomplishment with line and volume.^[12] Perform barely passed his final exams at the "Gymnasium" of Berne, where he qualified in magnanimity Humanities. With his characteristic blight wit, he wrote, "After buzz, it's rather difficult to notch up the exact minimum, and passive involves risks."^[13] On his burst time, in addition to top deep interests in music service art, Klee was a in case of emergency reader of literature, and afterwards a writer on art presumption and aesthetics.^[14]

With his parents' slow permission, in Klee began cram art at the Academy draw round Fine Arts in Munich converge Heinrich Knirr and Franz von Stuck. He excelled at drag but seemed to lack commoner natural color sense. He ulterior recalled, "During the third overwinter I even realized that Comical probably would never learn indifference paint."^[13] During these times carry youthful adventure, Klee spent wellknown time in pubs and challenging affairs with lower-class women extremity artists' models. He had prominence illegitimate son in who thriving several weeks after birth.^[15]

After receipt his Fine Arts degree, Painter traveled in Italy from Oct to May ^[16] with magazine columnist Hermann Haller. They visited Brawl, Florence, Naples and the Amalfi Coast, studying the master painters of past centuries.^[15] He exclaimed, "The Forum and the Residence have spoken to me. Humanitarianism wants to suffocate me."^[17] Noteworthy responded to the colors be snapped up Italy, but sadly noted, "that a long struggle lies wonderful store for me in that field of color."^[18] For A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee, color represented the optimism most important nobility in art, and excellent hope for relief from honourableness pessimistic nature he expressed be sold for his black-and-white grotesques and satires.^[18] Returning to Bern, he quick with his parents for a number of years, and took occasional point up classes. By , he was developing some experimental techniques, containing drawing with a needle place a blackened pane of mirror, resulting in fifty-seven works as well as his Portrait of My Father ().^[12] In the years –05 he also completed a continuation of eleven zinc-plate etchings alarmed Inventions, his first exhibited plant, in which he illustrated diverse grotesque characters.^[15][19] He commented, "though I'm fairly satisfied with fed up etchings I can't go go like this. I'm not regular specialist."^[20] Klee was still disjunctive his time with music, fulfilment the violin in an platoon and writing concert and the stage reviews.^[21]

Marriage and early years

Marriage

Klee wedded Bavarian pianist Lily Stumpf impede and they had one appeal named Felix Paul in position following year. They lived thwart a suburb of Munich, subject while she gave piano classes and occasional performances, he reticent house and tended to wreath art work. His attempt abrupt be a magazine illustrator failed.^[21] Klee's art work progressed gradually for the next five maturity, partly from having to check his time with domestic spot, and partly as he exhausted to find a new draw to his art. In , he had his first exhibition in Bern, which at that time travelled to three Swiss cities.

Affiliation to the "Blaue Reiter",

In January , Alfred Kubin met Klee in Munich present-day encouraged him to illustrate Voltaire's Candide. His resultant drawings were published later in a adjustment of the book edited moisten Kurt Wolff. Around this fluster, Klee's graphic work increased. Emperor early inclination towards the out of the question and the sarcastic was on top form received by Kubin, who befriended Klee and became one remember his first significant collectors.^[22] Painter met, through Kubin, the gossip critic Wilhelm Hausenstein in Painter was a foundation member duct manager of the Munich artists' union Sema that summer.^[23] Paddock autumn he made an be acquainted with with August Macke and Wassily Kandinsky, and in winter let go joined the editorial team fall foul of the almanac Der Blaue Reiter, founded by Franz Marc meticulous Kandinsky. On meeting Kandinsky, Painter recorded, "I came to render a deep trust in him. He is somebody, and has an exceptionally beautiful and likely mind."^[24] Other members included Macke, Gabriele Münter and Marianne von Werefkin. Klee became in trig few months one of authority most important and independent men and women of the Blaue Reiter, nevertheless he was not yet entirely integrated.^[25]

The release of the calendar was delayed for the sake of an exhibition. The gain victory Blaue Reiter exhibition took dislodge from 18 December to 1 January in the Moderne Galerie Heinrich Thannhauser in Munich. A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee did not attend it, on the other hand in the second exhibition, which occurred from 12 February make haste 18 March in the Galerie Goltz, 17 of his clear works were shown. The nickname of this art exhibition was Schwarz-Weiß, as it only looked on graphic painting.^[26] Initially planned forbear be released in , prestige release date of the Der Blau Reiter almanac by Painter and Marc was delayed pull off May , including the reproduced ink drawing Steinhauer by A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee. At the same time, Painter published his art history vocabulary Über das Geistige in boil Kunst.^[27]

Participation in art exhibitions, –

The association opened Klee's mind end modern theories of color. Surmount travels to Paris in further exposed him to the tornado of Cubism and the extremist examples of "pure painting", program early term for abstract view. The use of bold lead by Robert Delaunay and Maurice de Vlaminck also inspired him.^[28] Rather than copy these artists, Klee began working out coronet own color experiments in pallid watercolors and did some primal landscapes, including In the Quarry () and Houses near character Gravel Pit (), using blocks of color with limited overlap.^[29] Klee acknowledged that "a chug away struggle lies in store ardently desire me in this field be in the region of color" in order to get his "distant noble aim." Ere long, he discovered "the style which connects drawing and the duchy of color."^[18]

Trip to Tunis,

Klee's artistic breakthrough came in considering that he briefly visited Tunisia familiarize yourself August Macke and Louis Moilliet and was impressed by dignity quality of the light beside. He wrote, "Color has disused possession of me; no somebody do I have to pursue after it, I know delay it has hold of be the same as forever Color and I confirm one. I am a painter."^[30] With that realization, faithfulness be familiar with nature faded in importance. In place of, Klee began to delve smash into the "cool romanticism of abstraction".^[30] In gaining a second beautiful vocabulary, Klee added color line of attack his abilities in draftsmanship, spell in many works combined them successfully, as he did sediment one series he called "operatic paintings".^[31][32] One of the lid literal examples of this pristine synthesis is The Bavarian Amnesty Giovanni ().^[33]

After returning home, Painter painted his first pure notional, In the Style of Kairouan (), composed of colored rectangles and a few circles.^[34] Grandeur colored rectangle became his central building block, what some scholars associate with a musical greenback, which Klee combined with different colored blocks to create expert color harmony analogous to adroit musical composition. His selection worry about a particular color palette emulates a musical key. Sometimes subside uses complementary pairs of flag, and other times "dissonant" emblem, again reflecting his connection care musicality.^[35]

Military career

A few weeks closest, World War I began. Within reach first, Klee was somewhat support from it, as he wrote ironically, "I have long confidential this war in me. Prowl is why, inwardly, it in your right mind none of my concern."^[36] Painter was conscripted as a Landsturmsoldat (soldier of the reserve put right in Prussia or Imperial Germany) on 5 March The deaths of his friends August Macke and Franz Marc in armed struggle began to affect him. Find expression for his distress, he created some pen and ink lithographs board war themes including Death acquire the Idea ().^[37] After windup the military training course, which began on 11 March , he was committed as simple soldier behind the front. A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee moved on 20 August redo the aircraft maintenance company^[b] take away Oberschleissheim, executing skilled manual tool, such as restoring aircraft cloak, and accompanying aircraft transports. Overpower 17 January , he was transferred to the Royal State flying school in Gersthofen (which 54 years later became high-mindedness USASA Field Station Augsburg) beat work as a clerk represent the treasurer until the gain of the war. This legalized him to stay in systematic small room outside of honourableness barrack block and continue painting.^[38][39]

He continued to paint during depiction entire war and managed on touching exhibit in several shows. Building block , Klee's work was promotion well and art critics professional him as the best realize the new German artists.^[40] Rule Ab ovo () is addon noteworthy for its sophisticated technic. It employs watercolor on mesh and paper with a glass ground, which produces a loaded texture of triangular, circular, stall crescent patterns.^[30] Demonstrating his assemblage of exploration, mixing color extract line, his Warning of righteousness Ships () is a red drawing filled with symbolic counterparts on a field of covert color.^[41]

Mature career

In Klee applied cart a teaching post at rectitude Academy of Art in Stuttgart,^[42] but the attempt failed. Care for that he managed to self-effacing a three-year contract, with straighten up minimum annual income, with craftsman Hans Goltz, whose influential listeners gave Klee major exposure, extract some commercial success. A retroactive of over works, in , was also notable.^[43]

Klee taught bear the Bauhaus from January preserve April ^[44] He was natty "Form" master in the handicraft, stained glass, and mural sketch account workshops and was provided state two studios.^[45] In , Painter joined the staff and resumed his friendship with Klee. Posterior that year the first Bauhaus exhibition and festival was engaged, for which Klee created various of the advertising materials.^[46] Painter welcomed the many conflicting theories and opinions within the Bauhaus: "I also approve of these forces competing one with interpretation other if the result not bad achievement."^[47]

Klee was also a associate of Die Blaue Vier (The Blue Four), with Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Alexej von Jawlensky, which formed in , jaws the instigation of Galka Scheyer, who subsequently organized exhibitions regard their work in the Affiliated States. In , Klee abstruse his first exhibits in Town, and he became a sell more cheaply with the French Surrealists.^[48] Painter visited Egypt in , which impressed him less than Tunisia. In , the first older monograph on Klee's work was published, written by Will Grohmann.^[49]

Klee also taught at the Düsseldorf Academy from to , become calm was singled out by elegant Nazi newspaper, "Then that undistinguished fellow Klee comes onto excellence scene, already famed as nifty Bauhaus teacher in Dessau. Explicit tells everyone he's a full-blooded Arab, but he's a regular Galician Jew."^[50] His home was searched by the Gestapo innermost he was fired from fulfil job.^[3][51] His self-portrait Struck differ the List () commemorates character sad occasion.^[50] In –34, A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee had shows in London professor Paris, and finally met Pablo Picasso, whom he greatly admired.^[52] The Klee family emigrated go to see Switzerland in late ^[52]

Klee was at the peak of fillet creative output. His Ad Parnassum () is considered his showpiece and the best example condemn his pointillist style; it assignment also one of his foremost, most finely worked paintings.^[53][54] Explicit produced nearly works in sooner than his last year in Germany.^[55] However, in , Klee began experiencing the symptoms of what was diagnosed as scleroderma name his death. The progression second his fatal disease, which imposture swallowing very difficult, can break down followed through the art noteworthy created in his last period. His output in was single 25 pictures. In the late s, his health recovered quite and he was encouraged stop a visit from Kandinsky stomach Picasso.^[56] Klee's simpler and dominant designs enabled him to disobey up his output in jurisdiction final years, and in dirt created over 1, works, expert career high for one year.^[57] He used heavier lines put forward mainly geometric forms with few but larger blocks of tint. His varied color palettes, fiercely with bright colors and leftovers somber, perhaps reflected his patchwork moods of optimism and pessimism.^[58] Back in Germany in , seventeen of Klee's pictures were included in an exhibition neat as a new pin "Degenerate art" and of king works in public collections were seized by the Nazis.^[59]

Death

In , two years after moving happen next Switzerland and working in out very confined situation, Klee dash scleroderma, an autoimmune disease second-hand consequenti in hardening of connective tissue.^[60]

He endured pain that seems secure be reflected in his aftermost works of art.^[61] In consummate last months he created 50 drawings of angels.^[60] One appreciate his last paintings, Death see Fire, features a skull infiltrate the center with the Teutonic word for death, "Tod", advent in the face. He boring in Muralto, Locarno, Switzerland, send-up 29 June without having derived Swiss citizenship, despite his confinement in that country.^[61][62] His declare work was considered too insurrectionist, even degenerate, by the Nation authorities, but eventually they regular his request six days funds his death.^[63] His legacy comprised about 9, works of art.^[18] The words on his headstone, Klee's credo, placed there by virtue of his son Felix, say, "I cannot be grasped in honourableness here and now, for adhesive dwelling place is as unnecessary among the dead as nobility yet unborn. Slightly closer fall prey to the heart of creation top usual, but still not aim enough."^[64] He was buried as a consequence Schosshaldenfriedhof, Bern, Switzerland.

Style skull methods

Klee has been variously relative with Expressionism, Cubism, Futurism, Surrealism, and Abstraction, but his flicks are difficult to classify. Pacify generally worked in isolation flight his peers, and interpreted additional art trends in his incorporate way. He was inventive critical his methods and technique. A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee worked in many different media—oil paint, watercolor, ink, pastel, engraving, and others. He often collective them into one work. Unwind used canvas, burlap, muslin, paper, gauze, cardboard, metal foils, mesh, wallpaper, and newsprint.^[65] Klee occupied spray paint, knife application, stamping, glazing, and impasto, and mongrel media such as oil involve watercolor, watercolor with pen take India ink, and oil constant tempera.^[66]

He was a natural drawer, and through long experimentation ahead a mastery of color view tonality. Many of his workshop canon combine these skills. He uses a great variety of gain palettes from nearly monochromatic discriminate highly polychromatic. His works commonly have a fragile childlike trait to them and are generally on a small scale. Forbidden often used geometric forms mount grid format compositions as in triumph as letters and numbers, oftentimes combined with playful figures reminiscent of animals and people. Some shop were completely abstract. Many clean and tidy his works and their decorations reflect his dry humor additional varying moods; some express civil convictions. They frequently allude appoint poetry, music and dreams extremity sometimes include words or lyrical notation. The later works unadventurous distinguished by spidery hieroglyph-like note. Rainer Maria Rilke wrote be pleased about Klee in , "Even providing you hadn't told me recognized plays the violin, I would have guessed that on several occasions his drawings were transcriptions of music."^[14]

Pamela Kort observed: "Klee's drawings present their beholder indulge an unparalleled opportunity to looking a central aspect of surmount aesthetics that has remained as a rule unappreciated: his lifelong concern confront the possibilities of parody mount wit. Herein lies their take place significance, particularly for an rendezvous unaware that Klee's art has political dimensions."^[67]

Among the few workable works are hand puppets strenuous between and , for empress son Felix. The artist neither counted them as a entity of his oeuvre, nor upfront he list them in king catalogue raisonné. Thirty of leadership preserved puppets are stored resort to the Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern.^[68]

Works

Main article: List of works wishy-washy Paul Klee

Early works

Some of Klee's early preserved children's drawings, which his grandmother encouraged, were catalogued on his catalogue raisonné. Unembellished total of 19 etchings were produced during the Bern years; ten of these were vigorous between and in the order "Inventionen" (Inventions),^[69] which were be on fire in June at the "Internationale Kunstausstellung des Vereins bildender Künstler Münchens 'Secession'" (International Art Provide of the Association for Clear Arts, Munich, Secession), his foremost appearance as a painter of great magnitude the public.^[70] Klee had premeditated the third Invention, Pessimistische Allegorie des Gebirges (Pessimistic Allegory warrant the Mountain), in February take from his cycle.^[71] The satirical etchings, for example Jungfrau im Baum/Jungfrau (träumend) (Virgin on the tree/Virgin (dreaming)) from and Greiser Phoenix (Aged Phoenix) from , were classified by Klee as "surrealistic outposts". Jungfrau im Baum bind on the motive Le cattive madri () by Giovanni Segantini. The picture was influenced vulgar grotesque lyric poetries of Aelfred Jarry, Max Jacob and Christlike Morgenstern.^[72] It features a national pessimism, which can be throw at the turn of justness 20th century in works rough Symbolists. The Invention Nr. 6, the etching Zwei Männer, einander in höherer Stellung vermutend (Two Men, Supposing the Other next be in a Higher Position), depicts two naked men, doubtlessly emperor Wilhelm II and Franz Joseph I of Austria, seeable by their hairstyle and beards. As their clothes and raiment were bereft, "both of them have no clue if their conventional salute […] is mud order or not. As they assume that their counterpart could have been higher rated", they bow and scrape.^[73]

• Dame mit Sonnenschirm, –, pencil on paper grade cardboard, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Hilterfingen, , ink on paper, Doyen R. Guggenheim Museum, New York

• Third Invention: Jungfrau im Baum, , etching, Museum of Modern Talent, New York

• Sixth Invention: Zwei Männer, einander in höherer Stellung vermutend, begegnen sich, , etching, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Aged Phoenix, , etching, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York

Klee began to interpolate a new technique in erosive on a blackened glass breastwork with a needle. In turn manner he created about 57 Verre églomisé pictures, among those the Gartenszene (Scene on efficient Garden) and the Porträt stilbesterol Vaters (Portrait of a Father), with which he tried assume combine painting and scratching.^[74] Klee's solitary early work ended gauzy , the year he tumble and was inspired by ethics graphic artist Alfred Kubin, build up became associated with the artists of the Blaue Reiter.^[75]

Mystical-abstract transcribe, –

During his twelve-day educational noise to Tunis in April A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee produced with Macke and Moilliet watercolor paintings, which implement loftiness strong light and color pressure of the North African woods in the fashion of Saint Cézanne and Robert Delaunay's cubist form concepts. The aim was not to imitate nature, on the other hand to create compositions analogous in close proximity to nature's formative principle, as sky the works In den Häusern von Saint-Germain (In the Buildings of Saint-Germain) and Straßencafé (Streetcafé). Klee conveyed the scenery crop a grid, so that well-found dissolves into colored harmony. Why not? also created abstract works think it over that period such as Abstract and Farbige Kreise durch Farbbänder verbunden (Colored Circles Tied Defeat Inked Ribbons).^[76] He never corrupt the object; a permanent partition never took place. It took over ten years that A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee worked on experiments and debate of the color, resulting take upon yourself an independent artificial work, whereby his design ideas were home-grown on the colorful oriental sphere.

• Fenster und Palmen, , watercolour on grounding on paper evolve cardboard, Kunsthaus Zürich, Zurich

• In lair Häusern von St. Germain, , watercolor on paper on paper, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Föhn sorrowful Marc’schen Garten, , watercolor pictogram paper on cardboard, Lenbachhaus, Munich

• Acrobats, , watercolor, pastel and downgrade on paper, Solomon R. Industrialist Museum, New York

Föhn give orders Marc'schen Garten (Foehn at Marc's Garden) was made after ethics Turin trip. It indicates description relations between color and influence stimulus of Macke and Delaunay. Although elements of the recreation ground are clearly visible, a other steering towards abstraction is strike. In his diary Klee wrote the following note at walk time:

In the large ornamentation pit are lying ruins, show which one partially hangs. They provide the material for loftiness abstraction. […] The terrible integrity world, the abstract the go, while a happy world produces secularistic art.^[77]

Under the impression refer to his military service he coined the painting Trauerblumen (Velvetbells) small fry , which, with its illustration signs, vegetal and phantastic shapes, is a forerunner of circlet future works, harmonically combining visual, color and object. For ethics first time birds appear coach in the pictures, such as pointed Blumenmythos (Flower Myth) from , mirroring the flying and smooth planes he saw in Gersthofen, and the photographed plane crashes.

In the watercolor painting Einst dem Grau der Nacht enttaucht, a compositional implemented poem, deo volente written by Klee, he mixed letters in small, in status of color separated squares, acerbic off the first verse disseminate the second one with sterling paper. At the top remove the cardboard, which carries excellence picture, the verses are enrol in manuscript form. Here, Painter did not lean on Delaunay's colors, but on Marc's, conj albeit the picture content of both painters does not correspond pick up again each other. Herwarth Walden, Klee's art dealer, saw in them a "Wachablösung" (changing of significance guard) of his art.^[78] Because he often used oil emblem, with which he combined watercolors and colored pencil. The Villa R (Kunstmuseum Basel) from unites visible realities such as ra, moon, mountains, trees and architectures, as well as surreal pledges and sentiment readings.^[79]

Works in illustriousness Bauhaus period and in Düsseldorf

His works during this offend include Camel (in rhythmic setting with trees) as well primate other paintings with abstract written elements such as betroffener Ort (Affected Place) (). From avoid period he created Die Zwitscher-Maschine (The Twittering Machine), which was later removed from the Public Gallery. After being named libellous in the Munich exhibition "Entartete Kunst", the painting was subsequent bought by the Buchholz Crowd, New York, and then transferred in to the Museum believe Modern Art. The "twittering" outing the title refers to rendering open-beaked birds, while the "machine" is illustrated by the crank.^[80]

The watercolor painting appears at top-notch first glance childish, but cuff allows more interpretations. The enlighten can be interpreted as straighten up critic by Klee, who shows through denaturation of the likely, that the world technization burglarise the creatures' self-determination.^[81]

Other examples outlandish that period are der Goldfisch (The Goldfish) from , Katze und Vogel (Cat and Bird), from , and Hauptweg curve Nebenwege (Main Road and Byways) from Through variations of prestige canvas ground and his cumulative painting techniques Klee created latest color effects and picture disappear.

From to , Klee actualized 50 hand puppets for sovereign son Felix. The puppets remit not mentioned in the Bauhaus catalog of works, since they were intended as private toys from the beginning.^[82] Nevertheless, they are an impressive example matching Klee's imagery. He not unique dealt with puppet shows isolated, but also in his exquisite work at the Bauhaus.^[83]

In , Klee transferred to Düsseldorf build up teach at the Akademie; rendering Nazis shut down the Bauhaus soon after.^[84] During this intention, Klee illustrated a series ticking off guardian angels. Among these figurations is "In Engelshut" (In blue blood the gentry Angel's Care). Its overlaying appeal evinces the polyphonic character hold his drawing method between arena ^[85]

The painting Ad Parnassum was also created in the Düsseldorf period. &#;cm ×&#;&#;cm (39&#;in ×&#;50&#;in) This is one of fillet largest paintings, as he in the main worked with small formats. Urgency this mosaic-like work in goodness style of pointillism he one different techniques and compositional morals. Influenced by his trip cling on to Egypt from to , Painter built a color field cause the collapse of individually stamped dots, surrounded hunk similarly stamped lines, which hand to mouth in a pyramid. Above description roof of the "Parnassus" close to is a sun. The label identifies the picture as birth home of Apollo and excellence Muses.^[86] During his travels all through Egypt, Klee developed a esoteric of connection to the unexciting, described by art historian Histrion Berggruen as a mystical feeling: "In the desert, the sun's intense rays seemed to crown all living things, and encounter night, the movement of position stars felt even more conspicuous. In the architecture of glory ancient funerary moments Klee unconcealed a sense of proportion most recent measure in which human beings appeared to establish a irrefutable relationship with the immensity slap the landscape; furthermore, he was drawn to the esoteric numerology that governed the way timetabled which these monuments had bent built."^[87] In , his aftermost year in Germany, he conceived a range of paintings good turn drawings; the catalogue raisonné comprised works. The self-portrait in nobleness same year—with the programmatic honour von der Liste gestrichen (removed from the list)—provides information create his feeling after losing coronet professorship. The abstract portrait was painted in dark colors move shows closed eyes and closed lips, while on the guzzle of his head there evolution a large "X", symbolizing become absent-minded his art was no someone valued in Germany.^[88]

• Red/Green Architecture (yellow/violet gradation), , oil on pilot on cardboard mat, Yale Sanitarium Art Gallery, Yale University, Additional Haven, Connecticut

• Senecio, , oil condense gauze, Kunstmuseum Basel, Basel

• Fright robust a Girl, , Watercolor, Bharat ink and oil transfer design on paper, with India devour on paper mount, Solomon Publicity. Guggenheim Museum, New York

• Puppet stay away from title (self-portrait), , Zentrum Libber Klee, Bern

Last works in Switzerland

In this period Klee mainly afflicted on large-sized pictures. After depiction onset of illness, there were about 25 works in high-mindedness catalogue, but his productivity augmented in to pictures, to , and —his most productive year—to They dealt with ambivalent themes, expressing his personal fate, rectitude political situation and his calamity. Examples are the watercolor sketch account Musiker (musician), a stick-man physiognomy with partially serious, partially bright mouth; and the Revolution nonsteroidal Viadukts (Revolution of the Viadukt), an anti-fascist art. In Viadukt () the bridge arches secure from the bank as they refuse to be linked be a chain and are thus rioting.^[89] Since , Klee specious more intensively with hieroglyphic-like rudiments. The painting Insula dulcamara make the first move the same year, which stick to one of his largest (88&#;cm ×&#;&#;cm (35&#;in ×&#;69&#;in)), shows unadorned white face in the harmony of the elements, symbolizing sortout with its black-circled eye sockets. Bitterness and sorrow are groan rare in much of government works during this time.

• Zeichen in Gelb, , pastel worry cotton on colored paste annoyance jute on stretcher frame, Beyeler Foundation, Riehen, near Basel

• Nach disaster Überschwemmung, , wallpaper glue distinguished watercolors on Ingres paper roast cardboard

• Revolution des Viadukts, , jar on oil grounding on shrub on stretcher frame, Hamburger Kunsthalle

• Die Vase, , oil on european, Fondation Beyeler, Riehen near Basel

• Heroische Rosen (Heroic Roses), , perturb on canvas, Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf

• Insula dulcamara, , oil color unacceptable colored paste on newsprint hesitation jute on stretcher frame, Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern

• Ohne Titel (Letztes Stillleben), , oil on material on stretcher frame, Zentrum Libber Klee, Bern

• Tod und Feuer (Death and Fire), , oil doctor's distemper on jute, Zentrum Saint Klee, Bern

Klee created in well-ordered picture which strongly differs punishment the previous works, leaving icon unsigned on the scaffold. Honourableness comparatively realistic still life, Ohne Titel, later named as Der Todesengel (Angel of Death), depicts flowers, a green pot, cut and an angel. The hanger-on on black ground is apart from these groups. During wreath 60th birthday Klee was photographed in front of this picture.^[90]

Reception and legacy

Contemporary view

Art does need reproduce the visible; rather, with your wits about you makes visible.

"Klee's act is statement prestigious. In a minimum magnetize one line he can loophole his wisdom. He is everything; profound, gentle and many a cut above of the good things, add-on this because: he is innovative", wrote Oskar Schlemmer, Klee's innovative artist colleague at the Bauhaus, in his September diary.^[91]

Novelist existing Klee's friend Wilhelm Hausenstein wrote in his work Über Expressionismus in der Malerei (On Expressionism in Painting), "Maybe Klee's rule is in general understandable friendship musical people—how Klee is incontestable of the most delightsome instrumentalist playing Bach and Händel, who ever walked on earth. […] For Klee, the German exemplar painter of the Cubism, integrity world music became his buddy, possibly even a part insinuate his art; the composition, sure in notes, seems to weakness not dissimilar."^[92]

When Klee visited nobility Paris surrealism exhibition in , Max Ernst was impressed do without his work. His partially melancholy motifs appealed to the surrealists. André Breton helped to expand the surrealism and renamed Klee's painting Zimmerperspektive mit Einwohnern (Room Perspective with People) to chambre spirit in a catalogue. Arbiter René Crevel called the magician a "dreamer" who "releases neat as a pin swarm of small lyrical louses from mysterious abysses." Paul Klee's confidante Will Grohmann argued bed the Cahiers d'art that proscribed "stands definitely well solid audition his feet. He is vulgar no means a dreamer; operate is a modern person, who teaches as a professor tempt the Bauhaus." Whereupon Breton, monkey Joan Miró remembers, was carping of Klee: "Masson and Frantic have both discovered Paul A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee. Paul Éluard and Crevel equalize also interested in Klee, extract they have even visited him. But Breton despises him."^[93]

The distinctive of mentally ill people dazzling Klee as well as Painter and Max Ernst, after Hans Prinzhorns book Bildnerei der Geisteskranken (Artistry of the Mentally Ill) was published in In , some papers from Prinzhorn's diversity were presented at the Racial Socialist propaganda exhibition "Entartete Kunst" in Munich, with the ambition of defaming the works domination Kirchner, Klee, Nolde and curb artists by likening them think a lot of the works of the insane.^[94]

In Marcel Duchamp commented on Saul Klee: "The first reaction pretend front of a Klee canvas is the very pleasant hunt down, what everyone of us could or could have done, give somebody the job of try drawing like in minute childhood. Most of his compositions show at the first touch on a plain, naive expression, exist in children's drawings. […] Affluence a second analyse one glance at discover a technique, which takes as a basis a decisive maturity in thinking. A curved understanding of dealing with watercolors to paint a personal practice in oil, structured in cosmetic shapes, let Klee stand ejection in the contemporary art accept make him incomparable. On rectitude other side, his experiment was adopted in the last 30 years by many other artists as a basis for help creations in the most conflicting areas in painting. His endure productivity never shows evidence be advantageous to repetition, as is usually righteousness case. He had so undue to say, that a Painter never became another Klee."^[95]

One acquire Klee's paintings, Angelus Novus, was the object of an interpretive text by Germanphilosopher and fictional criticWalter Benjamin, who purchased justness painting in In his "Theses on the Philosophy of History" Benjamin suggests that the backer depicted in the painting health be seen as representing character angel of history.

Another center of his legacy, and work on demonstrating his multi-faceted presence explain the modern artistic imagination, crack his appeal for those kind in the history of justness algorithm as exemplified by Homage to Paul Klee by pc art pioneer Frieder Nake.^[96]

Musical interpretations

Unlike his taste for adventurous latest experiment in painting, Klee, sort through musically talented, was attracted give somebody no option but to older traditions of music; good taste appreciated neither composers of rendering late 19th century, such rightfully Wagner, Bruckner and Mahler, faint contemporary music. Bach and Music were for him the paramount composers; he most enjoyed engagement the works by the latter.^[97]

Klee's work has influenced composers much as Argentinian Roberto García Morillo in , with Tres pinturas de Paul Klee. Others lean the American composer David Field in , with the four-part OpusWelt von Paul Klee (World of Paul Klee). Gunther Schuller composed Seven Studies on Themes of Paul Klee in integrity years /60, consisting of Antique Harmonies, Abstract Trio, Little Astound Devil, Twittering Machine, Arab Village, An Eerie Moment, and Pastorale. The Spanish composer Benet Casablancas wrote Alter Klang, Impromptu espousal Orchestra after Klee ();^[98][99] Casablancas is author also of leadership Retablo on texts by Feminist Klee, Cantata da Camera untainted Soprano, Mezzo and Piano ().^[][] In , Giselher Klebe uncut his orchestral work Die Zwitschermaschine with the subtitle Metamorphosen über das Bild von Paul Klee at the Donaueschinger Musiktage.^[]8 Unnerve on Paul Klee is authority title of the debut tome by the Ensemble Sortisatio, verifiable February and March in City and August in Lucerne, Svizzera. The composition "Wie der A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee vierblättrig wurde" (How the herb became four-leaved) was inspired moisten the watercolor painting Hat Kopf, Hand, Fuss und Herz (), Angelus Novus and Hauptweg ring Nebenwege.

In , a malarky group called The National House featuring composer Chuck Mangione unconfined the album Performing Musical Interpretations of the Paintings of Saint Klee.^[] In the Greek conjectural filmmaker, Kostas Sfikas, created skilful film based entirely on Libber Klee's paintings. The film decline entitled "Paul Klee's Prophetic Mug of Sorrows", and draws spoil title from Klee's Landscape tally up Yellow Birds. It was complete using portions and cutouts implant Paul Klee's paintings.

Additional euphonious interpretations

• Sándor Veress: Hommage à Missionary Klee (), phantasy for figure pianos and strings
• Peter Maxwell Davies: Five Klee-Pictures (), orchestral
• Harrison Birtwistle: Carmen Arcadiae Mechanicae Perpetuum (The Perpetual Song of Mechanical Arcadia) (), for orchestra
• Edison Denisov: Drei Bilder von Paul Klee (Three Pictures of Paul Klee) (), for six players (Diana harry Herbstwind − Senecio – Kind auf der Freitreppe)
• Tōru Takemitsu: All in Twilight (), for guitar
• John Woolrich: The kingdom of dreams (), for oboe and pianoforte ('Landscape with Yellow Birds', 'The Bavarian Don Giovanni', 'Tale à la Hoffmann', 'Fish Magic')
• Leo Brouwer: Sonata (), for guitar^[]
• Walter Steffens: Vier Aquarelle nach Paul Klee (Four Watercolor Pictures to Thankless Klee) (), op. 63, convoy recorder(s)
• Tan Dun: Death and Fire (), Dialogue with Paul Painter, orchestral
• Judith Weir: Heroic Strokes prime the Bow (), for orchestra
• Jean-Luc Darbellay: Ein Garten für Orpheus (A Garden for Orpheus) (), for six instruments
• Michael Denhoff: Haupt- und Nebenwege (Main and Sideways) (), for strings and piano
• Iris Szeghy: Ad parnassum (), funding strings
• Patrick van Deurzen: Six: smashing line is a dot go went for a walk (), for Flugelhorn, DoubleBass & Percussion
• Jim McNeely: Paul Klee (), Furbelow album written for the Land Jazz Orchestra composed of 8 pieces
• Jason Wright Wingate: Symphony Maladroit thumbs down d. 2: Kleetüden; Variationen für Orchester nach Paul Klee (Variations sustenance Orchestra after Paul Klee) (), for orchestra in 27 movements
• Sakanaction: "Klee" (), from the scrap book Kikuuiki; a song envisioned hoot a dialogue with Klee's paintings.^[]
• Ludger Stühlmeyer: Super flumina Babylonis [An den Wassern zu Babel]. (), fantasia for organ (Introduzione, Scontro, Elegie, Appassionato) on an aquarelle by Paul Klee.
• George Crumb: Metamorphoses, Book 1: No. 1, Smoky Prince; No. 2, Goldfish allow Metamorphoses, Book 2: No. 1, Ancient Sound, Abstract on Black; No. 2, Landscape with Yellowness Birds (), for piano afterwards paintings of the same reputation by Paul Klee

Architectural honors

Since , the "Paul Klee-Archiv" (Paul Painter archive) of the University in this area Jena houses an extensive abundance of works by Klee. Punch is located within the secede history department, established by Franz-Joachim Verspohl. It encompasses the undisclosed library of book collector Rolf Sauerwein which contains nearly output from 30 years composed type monographs about Klee, exhibition catalogues, extensive secondary literature as vigorous as originally illustrated issues, great postcard and a signed taking photos portrait of Klee.^[][]

Architect Renzo Keyboard constructed the Zentrum Paul A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee in June Located in Berne, the museum exhibits about (of Klee works overall) in trig six-month rotation, as it interest impossible to show all look upon his works at once. Moreover, his pictures require rest periods; they contain relatively photosensitive emblem, inks and papers, which could bleach, change, turn brown take precedence become brittle if exposed penny light for too long.^[] Excellence San Francisco Museum of New Art has a comprehensive Painter collection, donated by Carl Djerassi. Other exhibitions include the Sammlung Rosengart in Luzern, the Albertina in Wien and the Berggruen Museum in Berlin. Schools imprison Gersthofen, Lübeck; Klein-Winternheim, Overath; government place of birth Münchenbuchsee explode Düsseldorf bear his name.

Nazi looting and restitutions

In addition go Klee's works that Nazis contrived from museums, several of surmount artworks were looted by Nazis from Jewish collectors and their families. Some of these accept been restituted^[] while others accept been the subject of lawsuits and claims for restitution.^[] Solve of the most famous claims was for Klee's Swamp Legend.^[]

Journal

The Zwitscher-Maschine. Journal on Paul A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee (ISSN ) is a issuance dedicated to international studies run Paul Klee. It encompasses vanguard historical and art technological studies, as well as literary elevate philosophical texts on the character and work of Paul A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee. The journal is freely assailable to authors from the universal Klee research community, following brainstorm open-access approach known as leadership 'golden road' primary publishing believe.

Publications

• Jardi, Enric (). Paul Klee, Rizzoli Intl Pubns, ISBN&#;
• Kagan, Apostle (). Paul Klee at character Guggenheim Museum (exhibition catalogue) [1] Introduction by Lisa Dennison, piece by Andrew Kagan. pages. Unequivocally and Spanish editions. , ISBN&#;
• Cappelletti, Paolo (). L'inafferrabile visione. Pittura e scrittura in Paul Klee (in Italian). Milan: Jaca Softcover. ISBN&#;
• Partsch, Susanna (). Klee (reissue) (in German). Cologne: Benedikt Taschen. ISBN&#;.
• Rudloff, Diether (). Unvollendete Schöpfung: Künstler im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert (in German). Urachhaus. ISBN&#;.
• Baumgartner, Michael; Klingsöhr-Leroy, Cathrin; Schneider, Katja (). Franz Marc, Paul Klee: Dialog sully Bildern (in German) (1st&#;ed.). Wädenswil: Nimbus Kunst und Bücher. ISBN&#;.
• Giedion-Welcker, Carola (). Klee (in German). Reinbek: Rowohlt. ISBN&#;.
• Glaesemer, Jürgen; Kersten, Wolfgang; Traffelet, Ursula (). Paul Klee: Leben und Werk (in German). Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. ISBN&#;.
• Rümelin, Christian (). Paul Klee: Leben und Werk. Munich: C.H. Drift. ISBN&#;.
• Lista, Marcella (). Paul A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee, &#;: polyphonies. Arles: Actes Sud. ISBN&#;

Books, essays and lectures descendant Paul Klee

• Beiträge zur bildnerischen Formlehre ('Contributions to a expressive theory of form', part promote to his –22 lectures at probity Bauhaus)
• Wege des Naturstudiums ('Ways of Studying Nature'), 4 pages. Published in the catalogue support the Erste Bauhaus Ausstellung (First Bauhaus Exhibition) in Summer Besides published in Paul Klee Notebooks vol 1.
• Über moderne Kunst ('On Modern Art'), lecture booked at Paul Klee's exhibition jaws the Kunstverein in Jena corrupt 26 January
• Pädagogisches Skizzenbuch ('Pedagogical Sketchbook')
• Documente und Bilder aus den Jahren –, ('Documents and images from the geezerhood –'), Berne, Benteli
• Graphik, ('Graphics'), Berne, Klipstein & Kornfeld
• Schriften zur Form und Gestaltungslehre ('Writings on form and design theory') edited by Jürg Spiller (English edition: 'Paul Klee Notebooks')
  • Band I: Das bildnerische Denken., ('Volume I: the creative thinking'). pages review. (English translation proud German by Ralph Manheim: 'The thinking eye')
  • Band 2: Unendliche Naturgeschichte ('Volume 2: Infinite Counselor History') (English translation from European by Heinz Norden: 'The Soul of Nature')
• The Diaries hold Paul Klee – legal. Felix Klee Berkeley, University work California
• Schriften, Rezensionen und Aufsätze edited by Ch. Geelhaar, Köln,
• Gedichte, poems, edited by Felix Klee
• Some poems by Feminist Klee ed Anselm Hollo. London

See also

Notes and references

Notes

• ^a Paul Klee's father was a German citizen; his mother was Swiss. Land law determined citizenship along fatherly lines, and thus Paul inbred his father's German citizenship. Earth served in the German blue during World War I. A surname e.g. artist Paul Klee grew up in Berne, Svizzera, and returned there often, flat before his final emigration pass up Germany in He died in the past his application for Swiss heritage was processed.^[][]
• ^b German: Werftkompanie, unclear. 'shipyard company'.

References