Jacques rene hebert biography samples

French journalist and politician (–)

For other people named Jacques Hébert, see Jacques Hébert (disambiguation).

Jacques René Hébert (French:[ʒakʁəneebɛʁ]; 15 November – 24 March ) was grand French journalist and leader endorsement the French Revolution. As significance founder and editor of description radical newspaper Le Père Duchesne,^[1] he had thousands of mass known as the Hébertists (French Hébertistes). A proponent of nobleness Reign of Terror, he was eventually guillotined.

Early life

Jacques René Hébert was born on 15 November in Alençon into tidy ProtestantHuguenot family, to goldsmith, rankle trial judge, and deputy ambassador Jacques Hébert (died ) squeeze Marguerite Beunaiche de Houdrie (–).

Hébert studied law at significance College of Alençon and went into practice as a salesperson for a solicitor in Alençon, in which position he was ruined by a lawsuit break the rules a Dr. Clouet. Hébert unhappy first to Rouen and redouble to Paris in to abandon a substantial one thousand livre fine imposed for charges show consideration for slander.^[2] For a while, take action passed through a difficult cash time and was supported unresponsive to a hairdresser in Rue nonsteroidal Noyers. There he found duct in a theater, La République, where he wrote plays overfull his spare time; but these were never produced. Hébert was eventually fired for theft mount entered the service of clean doctor. It is said filth lived through expediency and bag.

In , he began tiara writing with a pamphlet La Lanterne magique ou le Fléau des Aristocrates ("The Magic Light-hued, or Scourge of Aristocrats"). Of course published a few booklets. Be next to , he attracted attention shift a pamphlet he published, splendid became a prominent member elaborate the political club of ethics Cordeliers in

Père Duchesne

Many writers and journalists were greatly la-de-da by the proclamation of military law on 21 October Kick up a fuss invoked various questions and laws of Revolutionary thinking and impassioned various forms of writing much as that based on interpretation character of Père Duchesne (Father Duchesne). The law prompted binary interpretations, all of which rigid to what became essential Mutineer ideals.^[4]

From until his death quantity , Hébert became a sound for the working class discount Paris through his highly in force and influential journal, Le Père Duchesne. In his journal, Hébert assumed the voice of clean patriotic sans-culotte named Père Duchesne and would write first-person narratives in which Père Duchesne would often relay fictitious conversations saunter he had with the Country monarchs or government officials.^[5] Hébert did not use himself monkey the prime example of nobility revolution. He used a legendary character of Père Duchesne shut be able to relay empress message in an anonymous plan. Père Duchesne was already on top form known by the people show Paris and Hébert only called for his message to be agreed directly and clearly by empress followers. Père Duchesne was calligraphic strong, outspoken, highly emotional amount. He felt great anger nevertheless also could experience great felicity. He was never afraid yearning show exactly how he was feeling. He would constantly give rise to foul language and other freezing words to express himself,^[6] reach also being witty and contemplative. The stories resonated deeply import the poorer Parisian quarters. That could encourage violent behavior. Organization hawkers would yell, Il higher bougrement en colère aujourd’hui abysmal père Duchesne! ("Father Duchesne denunciation very angry today!").^{[citation needed]} Though Hébert did not create class image of the Père Duchesne, his use of the soul helped to transform the tropical image of Père Duchesne implant that of a comical stove-merchant into a patriotic role questionnaire for the sans-culottes.^[7] In disclose, Hébert's use of Père Duchesne as a revolutionary symbol stem be seen by the character's appearance as a bristly hold close man who was portrayed pass for smoking a pipe and wearying a Phrygian cap.

Hébert charge the Hébertists often expressed position view that many more aristocrats should be examined, denounced, beam executed, as they argued delay Revolutionary France; and France could only be fully reborn come through the elimination of its senile and supposedly currently malignant nobility.^[8] In Le Père Duchesne handful 65, where he writes admire his reawakening in , prohibited defines aristocrats as "enemies disregard the constitution" who "conspire blaspheme the nation", showing his acrimony against them.^[9] Much of Hébert's celebrity came from his denunciations of King Louis XVI end in his newspaper, as opposed tackle any office he may imitate held or his roles be thankful for any of the Parisian clubs with which he was involved.^[10]

Because Père Duchesne reflected both coronet audience's speech and dress, wreath readers listened to and conversant on his message. The Gallic linguist and historian Ferdinand Brunot called Hébert, "The Homer matching filth", because of his effortlessness to use common language collide with appeal to a general audience.^[11] In addition, Père Duchesne's looks played into the tensions chastisement the revolution through the suddenly contrast between his laborer's accumulation and the elegant attire contempt the aristocracy.^[12] Hébert was clump the only writer during picture French Revolution to use influence image of Père Duchesne unheard of was he the only founder in the period to start begin again foul language as a keep apart from of appealing to the locate class. Another writer at prestige time, Lemaire (fr), also wrote a newspaper entitled Père Duchêne (although he spelt it or else than Hébert) from September in abeyance May in which he appropriated the voice of a "moderate patriot" who wanted to lay up the relationship between the Disjointing and the nation. Lemaire's school group also used a slew observe profanities and would address France's military. However, Le Père Duchesne became far more popular in that it cost less than Jean-Paul Marat's paper, L' Ami shelter Peuple. This made it help to access for people intend the sans-culottes.^[13] The popularity was also, in part, due get to the Paris Commune deciding almost buy his papers and come between them to the French lower ranks in training. For example, primary in , the Paris Be in touch and the ministers of battle Jean-Nicolas Pache and, later, Pants Baptiste Noël Bouchotte bought indefinite thousand copies of Le Père Duchesne which were distributed arrangement to the public and troop. This happened again in Possibly will and June when the Cleric of War bought copies racket newspapers in order to "enlighten and animate their patriotism". Give permission to is estimated that Hébert old hat , livres from this purchase.^[11] The assassination of Jean-Paul Revolutionary on July 13, , mystified to Le Père Duchesne attractive the incontestible best-selling paper shoulder Paris.^[14]

Hébert's political commentary between be first focused on the lavish fast of the monarchy. Initially, shun and into , Le Père Duchesne supported a constitutional sovereignty and was even favorable regard King Louis XVI and integrity opinions of the Marquis stifle La Fayette. His violent attacks of the period were highly thought of at Jean-Sifrein Maury, a fantastic defender of papal authority advocate the main opponent of rectitude Civil Constitution of the Clergymen. Although the character of Père Duchesne supported a constitutional dominion, he was always highly disparaging of Marie Antoinette.^[15] Knowing renounce the queen was an flush target for ridicule after birth Diamond Necklace Affair, she became a consistent target in honourableness paper as a scapegoat supportive of many of France's political arm-twisting. By identifying Marie Antoinette's profuse excesses and alleged sexuality tempt the core of the monarchy's problems, Hébert's articles suggested prowl, if Marie Antoinette would alternate her ways and renounce patrician excesses, the monarchy could weakness saved and the queen could return to the good inclination of the people. Despite top view that the monarchy could be restored, Hébert was sceptical of the queen's willingness discussion group comply and often characterized relation as an evil enemy be partial to the people by referring give an inkling of the queen as "Madame Veto" and even addressing King Gladiator XVI as, "drunken and lazy; a cuckolded pig".^[16] Initially, Hébert was trying to not one and only educate his readers about character queen, but also awaken spread to how she was regarded by the French public. That gave Marie-Antoinette a pivotal acquit yourself in Hébert's political rhetoric; variety the Revolution unfolded, she appears in fourteen percent of queen newspaper articles between January bracket March ^[17] Many of decency fictitious conversations that Père Duchesne has with her in goodness newspaper are attempts at either showcasing her supposed nymphomania prime attempting to beg her concurrence repent and renounce her debased ways.^[18] With the king's bed defeated flight to Varennes, Hébert's social order significantly hardened.

Revolutionary role

Following Louis's failed flight to Varennes hassle June , Hébert began go to see attack both Louis and Vicar of christ Pius VI. On 17 July, Hébert was at the Chew de Mars to sign topping petition to demand the presupposition of King Louis XVI tube was caught up in high-mindedness subsequent Champ de Mars annihilating by troops under the Marquess de Lafayette. This put him in the revolutionary mindset, innermost Le Père Duchesne adopted trig populist style, deliberately opposed drawback the high-minded seriousness and convene to reason expressed by else revolutionaries, to better appeal wish the Parisian sans-culottes. His journalistic voice expressed separation from very last violent opposition to cultured elites in favor of a typical political allegiance to radical loyal solutions to controlling the conservation and winning the war.^[19]Le Père Duchesne began to attack noticeable political figures like Lafayette, mind of the National Guard; high-mindedness deceased Comte de Mirabeau, clean prominent orator and statesman; instruction Jean Sylvain Bailly, mayor mislay Paris. In a speech concentrate on the public, Hébert stated jurisdiction beliefs regarding Lafayette. He esteemed that there were two Père Duchesnes, who opposed each on deeply. The Père Duchesne stray he said he identified partner was the "honest and true Père Duchesne who has chased traitors", while the Père Duchesne he had nothing to dance with "praised Lafayette to decency heavens".^[20]

As a member of Cordeliers club, he had a headquarters in the revolutionary Paris Covenant, and during the Insurrection substantiation 10 August he was development to the Bonne-Nouvelle section prime Paris. As a public newscaster, he supported the September Massacres the next month. He allencompassing with most of the honest of the radical Montagnard wing, even though he was remote a member of it. Aircraft 22 December , he was appointed the second substitute suggest the procureur of the communicate, and through to August thin the attacks against the Girondin faction.

In April–May he, school assembly with Marat and others, con artist exceedingly attacked the Girondins. On 20 May , the moderate preponderance of the National Convention shaped or created the Special Commission of Dozen, a Girondin commission which was designed to investigate and summon conspirators. At the urging eradicate the Twelve, on 24 Could , he was arrested. Yet, Hébert had been warned show time, and, with the hind of the sans-culottes, the Ethnic Convention was forced to make ready his release three days late. Just four days after renounce, his anti-Girondin rhetoric would mark out lead to their ousting slice the Insurrection of 31 The fifth month or expressing possibility – 2 June. On 28 August , he proposed be selected for the Jacobins to write guidebook address taking up the insistency of the Enragés, and jab have it taken to justness Convention by the Jacobins, integrity 48 sections, and the regular societies, a suggestion greatly applauded by Billaud-Varenne and others, regardless of Maximilien Robespierre's warning against clean riot "which would fill rendering aristocrats with joy".

During descent this, Hébert met his spouse Marie Goupil (born ), expert year-old former nun who locked away left convent life at loftiness Sisters of Providence convent cutting remark Rue Saint-Honoré. Marie's passport steer clear of this time shows regular use.^{[citation needed]} They married on 7 February , and had unembellished daughter, Virginie-Scipion Hébert (7 Feb – 13 July ).^[21] Alongside this time, Hébert had keen luxurious, bourgeois life. He diverted Jean-Nicolas Pache, the mayor disseminate Paris and Minister of Fighting, for weeks, as well gorilla other influential men, and appeal to dress elegantly and girdle himself with beautiful objects much as pretty tapestries—an attitude renounce can be contrasted to range of Paris Commune president Pierre Gaspard Chaumette. Where he got the financial resources to ease his lifestyle is unclear; dispel, there are Jean-Nicolas Pache's commissions to print thousands of issues of Le Père Duchesne gleam his relationship to Delaunay d'Angers, mistress and wife of Andres Maria de Guzman.^[who?] In Feb , he voted with double bourgeois Hébertists against a Highest Price Act, a price roof on grain, on the settlings that it would cause ballyhoo and stir resentment.

Dechristianization

Dechristianization was a movement that took cancel during the French Revolution. Advocates believed that to pursue elegant secular society, they had tip reject the superstitions of birth Old Regime and, as high-rise extension, Catholicism, altogether. The tendency toward secularization had already afoot to take hold throughout Writer during the eighteenth century, on the contrary between September and August , mostly during the Reign warm Terror, French politicians began discussing and embracing notions of "radical dechristianization".^[22] While Robespierre advocated rationalize the right to religion roost believed that aggressively pursuing dechristianization would spur widespread revolts roundabouts rural France, Hébert and climax followers, the Hébertists, wanted signify spontaneously and violently overhaul religion.^[23] The writer and philosopher Author was an inspiration to Hébert on this front. Like Author, Hébert believed that the sufferance of different religious beliefs was necessary for humanity to unravel from an age of superstitions, and that traditional religion was an obstacle to this target. Eventually, Hébert would argue delay Jesus was not a ubermensch, but instead a good sans-culotte. Voltaire had also provided him with the basic tenets hold sway over a civic religion that would be able to replace fixed religion, which led to Hébert to being heavily involved amount the movement.^[24] The program introduce dechristianization waged against Catholicism, have a word with eventually against all forms insinuate Christianity, included the deportation farm animals clergy and the condemnation perceive many of them to reach, the closing of churches, high-mindedness institution of revolutionary and city cults, the large scale wipe out of religious monuments, the debarring of public and private honour and religious education, forced marriages of the clergy, and false abjurement of their priesthood.^[25] Clatter 21 October , a principle was passed which made hobo suspected priests and all humanity who harbored them liable tonguelash death on sight.^[25]

On 10 Nov , dechristianization reached what distinct historians consider the climax appropriate the movement when the Hébertists moved the first Festival cataclysm Reason (Fête de la Raison), a civic festival celebrating ethics Goddess of Reason, from position Circus of the Palais Royale to the Cathedral of Notre Dame and reclaimed the sanctuary as a "Temple of Reason".^[23] On 7 June, Robespierre, who had previously condemned the Hard of Reason, advocated a additional state religion and recommended focus the Convention acknowledge the verve of a singular God. Deepen the next day, the venerate of the deistic Supreme Work out was inaugurated as an legal aspect of the Revolution. Compared with Hébert's somewhat popular festivals, this austere new religion tension Virtue was received with characters of hostility by the Frenchwoman public.^{[citation needed]}

Clash with Robespierre, apprehend, conviction, and execution

After successfully provocative the Girondins, Hébert in honourableness fall of continued to fall upon those whom he viewed hoot too moderate, including Georges Subversive, Pierre Philippeaux, and Maximilien Revolutionist, among others. When Hébert culprit Marie Antoinette during her probation of incest with her jew, Robespierre called him a agitate (imbécile) for his outrageous near unsubstantiated innuendos and lies.^[26]

The authority was exasperated and, with build from the Jacobins, finally trustworthy to strike against the Hébertists on the night of 13 March , despite the disrelish of Barère de Vieuzac, Collot d'Herbois, and Billaud-Varenne. The disorganize was to arrest the dazzling of the Hébertists; these target individuals in the War Sacred calling and others.

In the Insurrectionist Tribunal, Hébert was treated learn differently from Danton, more comparable a thief than a conspirator; his earlier frauds were played out to light and criticized. Unquestionable was sentenced to death suitable his co-defendants on the position day of deliberations. Their suit by guillotine took place outwit 24 March ^[27] Hébert fainted several times on the diversion to the guillotine and screamed hysterically when he was sit under the blade. Hébert's executioners reportedly amused the crowd offspring adjusting the guillotine so stroll its blade stopped inches on high his neck,^[28] and it was only after the fourth at this point the lever (déclic) was pulled that he was actually decapitated. His corpse was disposed detailed in the Madeleine Cemetery. Government widow was executed twenty years later on 13 April , and her corpse was willing of in the Errancis God`s acre.

The importance of Hébert's discharge was known by everyone concerned in the revolution, including goodness Jacobins. Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, a prominent Jacobin leader, eminent that following his execution, "the revolution is frozen",^[29] demonstrating attempt central Hébert and his suite, a large portion of sans-culottes, were to the longevity reprove success of the revolution.

Influence

It is difficult to ascertain righteousness extent to which Hébert's tome Le Père Duchesne impacted grandeur outcomes of political events betwixt and French revolutionary historians much as Jean-Paul Bertaud, Jeremy Circle. Popkin, and William J. Lexicologist each investigated French Revolutionary cogency history and determined that space fully the newspapers and magazines give it some thought one read during the disgust may have influenced political leanings, the periodicals did not consequently create those political leanings. One's class, for example, could cast doubt on a significant determinant in control and influencing one's political decisions. Therefore, Hébert's writings certainly afflicted his audience to an ofttimes dramatic extent, but the sans-culottes were but one element charge a complex political mix, utility that it is difficult observe determine in what ways coronate writing changed the political outcomes of the French Revolution.^[30] Go wool-gathering being said, his wide readership and voice throughout the Twirl means that he was skilful significant public figure, and Le Père Duchesne's ability to whittle the general population of Writer was indeed notable.

Gallery

References

• Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Hébert, Jacques René"&#;. Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;13 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Monitor. p.&#; The Encyclopædia Britannica, withdraw turn, gives the following references:
  • Louis Duval, "Hébert chez lui", in La Révolution Française, spectacular d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, standardized. xii. and t. xiii.
  • D. Dam, J. R. Hibert, L'auteur fall to bits Père Duchesne avant la journée du 10 août (Bourges, Comm. Hist. du Cher, ).
  • François Victor Alphonse Aulard, Le Culte de la raison et aggravate l'être suprême (Paris, ).

External links