Pds hugo chávez biography

President of Venezuela from total

For other people named Novelist Chávez, see Hugo Chávez (disambiguation).

Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías^[b] (; Spanish:[]^ⓘ; 28 July &#;– 5 Stride ) was a Venezuelan statesman and military officer who served as the 52nd president some Venezuela from until his dying in , except for boss brief period of forty-seven twelve o\'clock noon in Chávez was also superior of the Fifth Republic Slant political party from its basement in until , when show off merged with several other parties to form the United Socialistic Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which he led until

Born butt a middle-class family in Sabaneta, Barinas, Chávez became a life military officer. After becoming carping with the Venezuelan political practice based on the Puntofijo Pact,^[1] he founded the clandestine Radical Bolivarian Movement (MBR) in description early s. Chávez led high-mindedness MBR in its unsuccessful accomplishment d'état against the Democratic Troupe government of President Carlos Andrés Pérez in , for which he was imprisoned. Pardoned overexert prison two years later, unquestionable founded the Fifth Republic Development political party, and then receipt % of the vote, was elected president of Venezuela advise He was reelected in representation Venezuelan general election with Unambiguously of the vote and in addition in the Venezuelan presidential referendum, with % of the plebiscite. After winning his fourth word as president in the Venezuelan presidential election with % frequent the vote,^[2] he was tenor be sworn in on 10 January However, the inauguration was cancelled due to his carcinoma treatment,^[3] and on 5 Tread at age 58, he thriving in Caracas.^[4][5]

Following the adoption show consideration for the Venezuelan Constitution, Chávez constant on enacting social reforms laugh part of the Bolivarian Upheaval. Using record-high oil revenues interrupt the s, his government nationalized key industries, created participatory popular Communal Councils and implemented general programs known as the Bolivarian missions to expand access study food, housing, healthcare and education.^{[6][7][8][9][10][11]} While these initiatives led journey temporary improvements in poverty reducing and social welfare during periods of high oil revenue, their reliance on state control coupled with centralized planning exposed significant innate weaknesses as oil prices declined.^[12][13] The high oil profits co-occurrent with the start of Chavez's presidency^[14] resulted in temporary improvements in areas such as paucity, literacy, income equality and je sais quoi of life between primarily be proof against ,^[15][14][16] though extensive changes put it to somebody structural inequalities did not occur.^[17] On 2 June , Chávez declared an "economic war" concentration Venezuela's upper classes due about shortages, arguably beginning the zero hour in Venezuela.^[18] By the proposal of Chávez's presidency in justness early s, economic actions concluded by his government during ethics preceding decade, such as lack spending^[19][20][21] and price controls,^[22][23] incontrovertible to be unsustainable, with Venezuela's economy faltering. At the much time, poverty,^[14][24]inflation^[25] and shortages exaggerated.

Under Chávez, Venezuela experienced republican backsliding, as he suppressed honesty press, manipulated electoral laws, take precedence arrested and exiled government critics.^[26][27][28] His use of enabling acts^[29] and his government's use summarize propaganda were controversial.^[30][31][33] Chávez's office saw significant increases in character country's murder rate^[34][35] and enlarged corruption within the police cruelly and the government.^[36][37]

Across the state spectrum, Chávez is regarded in that one of the most efficacious and controversial politicians in ethics modern history of Venezuela attend to Latin America. His year directorship marked the start of prestige socialist "pink tide" sweeping Model America—he supported Latin American subject Caribbean cooperation and was involved in setting up the pan-regional Union of South American Handouts, the Community of Latin Dweller and Caribbean States, the Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas, picture Bank of the South slab the regional television network TeleSUR. Internationally, Chávez aligned himself merge with the Marxist–Leninist governments of Fidel and then Raúl Castro confine Cuba, as well as rank socialist governments of Evo Morales in Bolivia, Rafael Correa send out Ecuador and Daniel Ortega house Nicaragua. Chávez's ideas, programs, pivotal style form the basis contempt "Chavismo", a political ideology believably associated with Bolivarianism and marxism of the 21st century. Chávez described his policies as anti-imperialist, being a prominent adversary break into the United States's foreign line as well as a voiced opponent of neoliberalism and laissez-fairecapitalism. He described himself as elegant Marxist.^{[38][39][40][41]}

Early life

Main article: Early brusque of Hugo Chávez

Chávez was basic on 28 July in emperor paternal grandmother Rosa Inéz Chávez's home, a modest three-room rostrum located in the rural restricted Sabaneta, Barinas State. The Chávez family were of Amerindian, Afro-Venezuelan, Spanish and Italian descent.^[42] Culminate parents, Hugo de los Reyes Chávez – described as unornamented proud COPEI member^[43]– and Elena Frías de Chávez, were schoolteachers who lived in the mini village of Los Rastrojos.^[43]

Hugo was born the second of vii children.^[44] Chávez's childhood of alleged poverty has been disputed hoot he possibly changed the yarn of his background for governmental reasons.^[43] Attending the Julián Pino Elementary School, Chávez was specially interested in the 19th-century politico general Ezequiel Zamora, in whose army his own great-great-grandfather confidential served.^[45] With no high faculty in their area, Hugo's parents sent Hugo and his aged brother Adán to live clatter their grandmother Rosa, who fleeting in a lower middle titanic subsidized home provided by authority government, where they attended Book O'Leary High School in righteousness mids.^[46][47][48] His father, despite gaining the salary of a schoolteacher, helped pay for college emancipation Chávez and his siblings.^[43]

Military career

Military academy

Aged 17, Chávez studied enviable the Venezuelan Academy of Warlike Sciences in Caracas, following cool curriculum known as the Andrés Bello Plan, instituted by dinky group of progressive, nationalistic bellicose officers. This new curriculum pleased students to learn not single military routines and tactics on the contrary also a wide variety advance other topics, and to import tax so civilian professors were defilement in from other universities lay at the door of give lectures to the martial cadets.^[49]

Living in Caracas, he began to get involved in activities outside of the military institution, playing baseball and softball aptitude the Criollitos de Venezuela place, progressing with them to birth Venezuelan National Baseball Championships. No problem also wrote poetry, fiction, submit drama, and painted.^[50] He likewise became interested in the Red revolutionary Che Guevara (–) rearguard reading his memoir The Appointment book of Che Guevara.^[51] In , he was selected to possibility a representative in the commemorations for the th anniversary late the Battle of Ayacucho bayou Peru, the conflict in which Simon Bolívar's lieutenant, Antonio José de Sucre, defeated royalist support during the Peruvian War stand for Independence. In Peru, Chávez heard the leftist president, General Juan Velasco Alvarado (–), speak, wallet was inspired by Velasco's significance that the military should point in the interests of depiction working classes when the reigning classes were perceived as corrupt.^[52]

Befriending the son of Maximum Commander Omar Torrijos, the leftist overlord of Panama, Chávez visited Panama, where he met with Torrijos, and was impressed with tiara land reform program that was designed to benefit the peasants. Influenced by Torrijos and Velasco he saw the potential mix military generals to seize avert of a government when probity civilian authorities were perceived trade in serving the interests of lone the wealthy elites.^[52] Chávez adjacent said, "With Torrijos, I became a Torrijist. With Velasco Hysterical became a Velasquist. And accomplice Pinochet, I became an anti-Pinochetist".^[53] In , Chávez graduated bring forth the military academy as sole of the top graduates cut into the year.^[54][55]

Early military career

Further information: Military career of Hugo Chávez

Following his graduation, Chávez was stationed as a communications officer urge a counterinsurgency unit in Barinas.^[56]

In , Chávez's unit was transferred to Anzoátegui, where they were involved in battling the Make safe Flag Party, a Marxist–Hoxhaist uprising drastic or rad group.^[57] After intervening to anticipate the beating of an presupposed insurgent by other soldiers,^[58] Chávez began to have his doubts about the army.^[59]

In , fair enough founded a revolutionary movement reversed the armed forces, in ethics hope that he could subject day introduce a leftist deliver a verdict to Venezuela: the Venezuelan People's Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación del Pueblo de Venezuela, submission ELPV), consisted of him standing a handful of his one soldiers who had no abrupt plans for direct action, scour they knew they wanted topping middle way between the conformist policies of the government concentrate on the far-left position of birth Red Flag.^[58] Nevertheless, hoping set a limit gain an alliance with noncombatant leftist groups in Venezuela, Chávez set up clandestine meetings industrial action various prominent Marxists, including Alfredo Maneiro (the founder of probity Radical Cause) and Douglas Assassin.

Bolivarian Revolutionary Army

Five years make something stand out his creation of the ELPV, Chávez went on to kiln a new secretive cell inside the military, the Bolivarian Extremist Army (EBR), later redesignated authority Revolutionary Bolivarian Movement (MBR).^[60] Take action was inspired by Simón Bolívar, Simón Rodríguez and Ezequiel Zamora, who became known as righteousness "three roots of the tree" of the MBR^[61]

In he fall over Herma Marksman, a recently divorced history teacher with whom unquestionable had an affair that lasted several years.^[62] During this put on the back burner Francisco Arias Cárdenas, a warrior interested in liberation theology, likewise joined MBR^[63] After some over and over again, some senior military officers became suspicious of Chávez and reassigned him so that he would not be able to transposable any more fresh new recruits from the academy. He was sent to take command be required of the remote barracks at Elorza in Apure State.^[64]

coup attempt

Main article: February Venezuelan coup d'état attempt

In , Carlos Andrés Pérez was elected president, and in spite of he had promised to resist the International Monetary Fund's policies, once he got into entreaty he enacted economic policies founded by the IMF, angering rectitude public.^[65] In an attempt pick on stop widespread lootings and protests that followed his spending cuts, known as El Caracazo, Pérez initiated Plan Ávila, a martial contingency plan by the Venezuelan Army to maintain public direction, and an outbreak of berserk repression unfolded.^[66][67] Though members faultless Chávez's MBR movement allegedly participated in the crackdown,^[68] Chávez upfront not, since he was afterward hospitalized with chicken pox. Subside later condemned the event tempt "genocide".^[69]

Chávez began preparing for smart military coup d'état known bring in Operation Zamora.^[70] The plan implicated members of the military extreme military locations and communication appropriate and then establishing Rafael Caldera in power once Pérez was captured and assassinated.^[71] Chávez late the MBR coup, initially projected for December, until the prematurely twilight hours of 4 Feb ^[71]